How to create human-labeled transcriptions
Human-labeled transcriptions are word-by-word transcriptions of an audio file. You use human-labeled transcriptions to evaluate model accuracy and to improve recognition accuracy, especially when words are deleted or incorrectly replaced. This guide can help you create high-quality transcriptions.
A representative sample of transcription data is recommended to evaluate model accuracy. The data should cover various speakers and utterances that are representative of what users say to the application. For test data, the maximum duration of each individual audio file is 2 hours.
A large sample of transcription data is required to improve recognition. We suggest providing between 1 and 100 hours of audio data. The Speech service uses up to 100 hours of audio for training (up to 20 hours for older models that don't charge for training). Each individual audio file shouldn't be longer than 40 seconds (up to 30 seconds for Whisper customization).
This guide has sections for US English, Mandarin Chinese, and German locales.
The transcriptions for all WAV files are contained in a single plain-text file (.txt or .tsv). Each line of the transcription file contains the name of one of the audio files, followed by the corresponding transcription. The file name and transcription are separated by a tab (\t).
For example:
speech01.wav speech recognition is awesome
speech02.wav the quick brown fox jumped all over the place
speech03.wav the lazy dog was not amused
The transcriptions are text-normalized so the system can process them. However, you must do some important normalizations before you upload the dataset.
Human-labeled transcriptions for languages other than English and Mandarin Chinese, must be UTF-8 encoded with a byte-order marker. For other locales transcription requirements, see the following sections.
en-US
Human-labeled transcriptions for English audio must be provided as plain text, only using ASCII characters. Avoid the use of Latin-1 or Unicode punctuation characters. These characters are often inadvertently added when copying text from a word-processing application or scraping data from web pages. If these characters are present, make sure to update them with the appropriate ASCII substitution.
Here are a few examples:
| Characters to avoid | Substitution | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| "Hello world" | "Hello world" | The opening and closing quotations marks are substituted with appropriate ASCII characters. |
| John’s day | John's day | The apostrophe is substituted with the appropriate ASCII character. |
| It was good—no, it was great! | it was good--no, it was great! | The em dash is substituted with two hyphens. |
Text normalization for US English
Text normalization is the transformation of words into a consistent format used when training a model. Some normalization rules are applied to text automatically, however, we recommend using these guidelines as you prepare your human-labeled transcription data:
- Write out abbreviations in words.
- Write out nonstandard numeric strings in words (such as accounting terms).
- Nonalphabetic characters or mixed alphanumeric characters should be transcribed as pronounced.
- Abbreviations that are pronounced as words shouldn't be edited (such as "radar", "laser", "RAM", or "NATO").
- Write out abbreviations that are pronounced as separate letters with each letter separated by a space.
- If you use audio, transcribe numbers as words that match the audio (for example, "101" could be pronounced as "one oh one" or "one hundred and one").
- Avoid repeating characters, words, or groups of words more than three times, such as "yeah yeah yeah yeah". The Speech service might drop lines with such repetition.
Here are a few examples of normalization that you should perform on the transcription:
| Original text | Text after normalization (human) |
|---|---|
| Dr. Bruce Banner | Doctor Bruce Banner |
| James Bond, 007 | James Bond, double oh seven |
| Ke$ha | Kesha |
| How long is the 2x4 | How long is the two by four |
| The meeting goes from 1-3pm | The meeting goes from one to three pm |
| My blood type is O+ | My blood type is O positive |
| Water is H20 | Water is H 2 O |
| Play OU812 by Van Halen | Play O U 8 1 2 by Van Halen |
| UTF-8 with BOM | U T F 8 with BOM |
| It costs $3.14 | It costs three fourteen |
The following normalization rules are automatically applied to transcriptions:
- Use lowercase letters.
- Remove all punctuation except apostrophes within words.
- Expand numbers into words/spoken form, such as dollar amounts.
Here are a few examples of normalization automatically performed on the transcription:
| Original text | Text after normalization (automatic) |
|---|---|
| "Holy cow!" said Batman. | holy cow said batman |
| "What?" said Batman's sidekick, Robin. | what said batman's sidekick robin |
| Go get -em! | go get em |
| I'm double-jointed | I'm double jointed |
| 104 Elm Street | one oh four Elm street |
| Tune to 102.7 | tune to one oh two point seven |
| Pi is about 3.14 | pi is about three point one four |
de-DE
Human-labeled transcriptions for German audio must be UTF-8 encoded with a byte-order marker.
Text normalization for German
Text normalization is the transformation of words into a consistent format used when training a model. Some normalization rules are applied to text automatically, however, we recommend using these guidelines as you prepare your human-labeled transcription data:
- Write decimal points as "," and not ".".
- Write time separators as ":" and not "." (for example: 12:00 Uhr).
- Abbreviations such as "ca." aren't replaced. We recommend that you use the full spoken form.
- The four main mathematical operators (+, -, *, and /) are removed. We recommend replacing them with the written form: "plus," "minus," "mal," and "geteilt."
- Comparison operators are removed (=, <, and >). We recommend replacing them with "gleich," "kleiner als," and "grösser als."
- Write fractions, such as 3/4, in written form (for example: "drei viertel" instead of 3/4).
- Replace the "€" symbol with its written form "Euro."
Here are a few examples of normalization that you should perform on the transcription:
| Original text | Text after user normalization | Text after system normalization |
|---|---|---|
| Es ist 12.23 Uhr | Es ist 12:23 Uhr | es ist zwölf uhr drei und zwanzig uhr |
| {12.45} | {12,45} | zwölf komma vier fünf |
| 2 + 3 - 4 | 2 plus 3 minus 4 | zwei plus drei minus vier |
The following normalization rules are automatically applied to transcriptions:
- Use lowercase letters for all text.
- Remove all punctuation, including various types of quotation marks ("test", 'test', "test„, and «test» are OK).
- Discard rows with any special characters from this set: ¢ ¤ ¥ ¦ § © ª ¬ ® ° ± ² µ × ÿ ج¬.
- Expand numbers to spoken form, including dollar or Euro amounts.
- Accept umlauts only for a, o, and u. Others are replaced by "th" or discarded.
Here are a few examples of normalization automatically performed on the transcription:
| Original text | Text after normalization |
|---|---|
| Frankfurter Ring | frankfurter ring |
| ¡Eine Frage! | eine frage |
| Wir, haben | wir haben |
ja-JP
In Japanese (ja-JP), there's a maximum length of 90 characters for each sentence. Lines with longer sentences are discarded. To add longer text, insert a period in between.
zh-cn
Human-labeled transcriptions for Mandarin Chinese audio must be UTF-8 encoded with a byte-order marker. Avoid the use of half-width punctuation characters. These characters can be included inadvertently when you prepare the data in a word-processing program or scrape data from web pages. If these characters are present, make sure to update them with the appropriate full-width substitution.
Here are a few examples:
| Characters to avoid | Substitution | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| "你好" | "你好" | The opening and closing quotations marks are substituted with appropriate characters. |
| 需要什么帮助? | 需要什么帮助？ | The question mark is substituted with the appropriate character. |
Text normalization for Mandarin Chinese
Text normalization is the transformation of words into a consistent format used when training a model. Some normalization rules are applied to text automatically, however, we recommend using these guidelines as you prepare your human-labeled transcription data:
- Write out abbreviations in words.
- Write out numeric strings in spoken form.
Here are a few examples of normalization that you should perform on the transcription:
| Original text | Text after normalization |
|---|---|
| 我今年 21 | 我今年二十一 |
| 3 号楼 504 | 三号 楼 五 零 四 |
The following normalization rules are automatically applied to transcriptions:
- Remove all punctuation.
- Expand numbers to spoken form.
- Convert full-width letters to half-width letters.
- Using uppercase letters for all English words.
Here are some examples of automatic transcription normalization:
| Original text | Text after normalization |
|---|---|
| 3.1415 | 三 点 一 四 一 五 |
| ￥ 3.5 | 三 元 五 角 |
| w f y z | W F Y Z |
| 1992 年 8 月 8 日 | 一 九 九 二 年 八 月 八 日 |
| 你吃饭了吗? | 你 吃饭 了 吗 |
| 下午 5:00 的航班 | 下午 五点 的 航班 |
| 我今年 21 岁 | 我 今年 二十 一 岁 |