Tutorial: Create a serverless real-time chat app with Azure Functions and Azure Web PubSub service

Article
12/16/2024

The Azure Web PubSub service helps you build real-time messaging web applications using WebSockets and the publish-subscribe pattern easily. Azure Functions is a serverless platform that lets you run your code without managing any infrastructure. In this tutorial, you learn how to use Azure Web PubSub service and Azure Functions to build a serverless application with real-time messaging and the publish-subscribe pattern.

In this tutorial, you learn how to:

Build a serverless real-time chat app
Work with Web PubSub function trigger bindings and output bindings
Deploy the function to Azure Function App
Configure Azure Authentication
Configure Web PubSub Event Handler to route events and messages to the application

Prerequisites

A code editor, such as Visual Studio Code
Node.js, version 18.x or above.

Note

For more information about the supported versions of Node.js, see Azure Functions runtime versions documentation.
Azure Functions Core Tools (v4 or higher preferred) to run Azure Function apps locally and deploy to Azure.
The Azure CLI to manage Azure resources.

If you don't have an Azure trial subscription, create an Azure trial subscription before you begin.

Create an Azure Web PubSub service instance

Your application will connect to a Web PubSub service instance in Azure.

Select the New button found on the upper left-hand corner of the Azure portal. In the New screen, type Web PubSub in the search box and press enter. (You could also search the Azure Web PubSub from the Web category.)
Select Web PubSub from the search results, then select Create.

Enter the following settings.

Setting	Suggested value	Description
Resource name	Globally unique name	The globally unique Name that identifies your new Web PubSub service instance. Valid characters are `a-z`, `A-Z`, `0-9`, and `-`.
Subscription	Your subscription	The Azure subscription under which this new Web PubSub service instance is created.
Resource Group	myResourceGroup	Name for the new resource group in which to create your Web PubSub service instance.
Location	China North 2	Choose a region near you.
Pricing tier	Free	You can first try Azure Web PubSub service for free. Learn more details about Azure Web PubSub service pricing tiers
Unit count	-	Unit count specifies how many connections your Web PubSub service instance can accept. Each unit supports 1,000 concurrent connections at most. It is only configurable in the Standard tier.

Screenshot of creating the Azure Web PubSub instance in portal.

Select Create to start deploying the Web PubSub service instance.

Create the functions

Make sure you have Azure Functions Core Tools installed. And then create an empty directory for the project. Run command under this working directory.

func init --worker-runtime javascript --model V4

func init --worker-runtime javascript --model V3

func init --worker-runtime dotnet

func init --worker-runtime dotnet-isolated

func init --worker-runtime python --model V1

Install Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Extensions.WebPubSub.

Confirm and update host.json's extensionBundle to version 4.* or later to get Web PubSub support.

{
  "extensionBundle": {
    "id": "Microsoft.Azure.Functions.ExtensionBundle",
    "version": "[4.*, 5.0.0)"
  }
}

Confirm and update host.json's extensionBundle to version 3.3.0 or later to get Web PubSub support.

{
  "extensionBundle": {
    "id": "Microsoft.Azure.Functions.ExtensionBundle",
    "version": "[3.3.*, 4.0.0)"
  }
}

dotnet add package Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Extensions.WebPubSub

dotnet add package Microsoft.Azure.Functions.Worker.Extensions.WebPubSub --prerelease

{
  "extensionBundle": {
    "id": "Microsoft.Azure.Functions.ExtensionBundle",
    "version": "[3.3.*, 4.0.0)"
}

Create an index function to read and host a static web page for clients.

func new -n index -t HttpTrigger

Update src/functions/index.js and copy following codes.

const { app } = require('@azure/functions');
const { readFile } = require('fs/promises');

app.http('index', {
    methods: ['GET', 'POST'],
    authLevel: 'anonymous',
    handler: async (context) => {
        const content = await readFile('index.html', 'utf8', (err, data) => {
            if (err) {
                context.err(err)
                return
            }
        });

        return { 
            status: 200,
            headers: { 
                'Content-Type': 'text/html'
            }, 
            body: content, 
        };
    }
});

Update index/function.json and copy following json codes.

{
  "bindings": [
    {
      "authLevel": "anonymous",
      "type": "httpTrigger",
      "direction": "in",
      "name": "req",
      "methods": ["get", "post"]
    },
    {
      "type": "http",
      "direction": "out",
      "name": "res"
    }
  ]
}

Update index/index.js and copy following codes.

var fs = require("fs");
var path = require("path");

module.exports = function (context, req) {
  var index =
    context.executionContext.functionDirectory + "/../index.html";
  context.log("index.html path: " + index);
  fs.readFile(index, "utf8", function (err, data) {
    if (err) {
      console.log(err);
      context.done(err);
    }
    context.res = {
      status: 200,
      headers: {
        "Content-Type": "text/html",
      },
      body: data,
    };
    context.done();
  });
};

Update index.cs and replace Run function with following codes.

[FunctionName("index")]
public static IActionResult Run([HttpTrigger(AuthorizationLevel.Anonymous)] HttpRequest req, ExecutionContext context, ILogger log)
{
    var indexFile = Path.Combine(context.FunctionAppDirectory, "index.html");
    log.LogInformation($"index.html path: {indexFile}.");
    return new ContentResult
    {
        Content = File.ReadAllText(indexFile),
        ContentType = "text/html",
    };
}

Update index.cs and replace Run function with following codes.

[Function("index")]
public HttpResponseData Run([HttpTrigger(AuthorizationLevel.Anonymous, "get", "post")] HttpRequestData req, FunctionContext context)
{
    var path = Path.Combine(context.FunctionDefinition.PathToAssembly, "../index.html");
    _logger.LogInformation($"index.html path: {path}.");

var response = req.CreateResponse();
response.WriteString(File.ReadAllText(path));
response.Headers.Add("Content-Type", "text/html");
return response;
}

Update index/function.json and copy following json codes.

{
  "bindings": [
    {
      "authLevel": "anonymous",
      "type": "httpTrigger",
      "direction": "in",
      "name": "req",
      "methods": ["get", "post"]
    },
    {
      "type": "http",
      "direction": "out",
      "name": "$return"
    }
  ]
}

Update __init__.py and replace main function with following codes.

import os

import azure.functions as func

def main(req: func.HttpRequest) -> func.HttpResponse:
    f = open(os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) + "/../index.html")
    return func.HttpResponse(f.read(), mimetype="text/html")

Create a negotiate function to help clients get service connection url with access token.

func new -n negotiate -t HttpTrigger

Note

In this sample, we use Microsoft Entra ID user identity header x-ms-client-principal-name to retrieve userId. And this won't work in a local function. You can make it empty or change to other ways to get or generate userId when playing in local. For example, let client type a user name and pass it in query like ?user={$username} when call negotiate function to get service connection url. And in the negotiate function, set userId with value {query.user}.

Update src/functions/negotiate and copy following codes.

const { app, input } = require('@azure/functions');

const connection = input.generic({
    type: 'webPubSubConnection',
    name: 'connection',
    userId: '{headers.x-ms-client-principal-name}',
    hub: 'simplechat'
});

app.http('negotiate', {
    methods: ['GET', 'POST'],
    authLevel: 'anonymous',
    extraInputs: [connection],
    handler: async (request, context) => {
        return { body: JSON.stringify(context.extraInputs.get('connection')) };
    },
});

Update negotiate/function.json and copy following json codes.

{
  "bindings": [
    {
      "authLevel": "anonymous",
      "type": "httpTrigger",
      "direction": "in",
      "name": "req"
    },
    {
      "type": "http",
      "direction": "out",
      "name": "res"
    },
    {
      "type": "webPubSubConnection",
      "name": "connection",
      "hub": "simplechat",
      "userId": "{headers.x-ms-client-principal-name}",
      "direction": "in"
    }
  ]
}

Update negotiate/index.js and copy following codes.

module.exports = function (context, req, connection) {
  context.res = { body: connection };
  context.done();
};

Update negotiate.cs and replace Run function with following codes.

[FunctionName("negotiate")]
public static WebPubSubConnection Run(
    [HttpTrigger(AuthorizationLevel.Anonymous, "get", "post", Route = null)] HttpRequest req,
    [WebPubSubConnection(Hub = "simplechat", UserId = "{headers.x-ms-client-principal-name}")] WebPubSubConnection connection,
    ILogger log)
{
    log.LogInformation("Connecting...");
    return connection;
}

Add using statements in header to resolve required dependencies.
```
using Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Extensions.WebPubSub;
```

Update negotiate.cs and replace Run function with following codes.

[Function("negotiate")]
public HttpResponseData Run([HttpTrigger(AuthorizationLevel.Anonymous, "get", "post")] HttpRequestData req,
    [WebPubSubConnectionInput(Hub = "simplechat", UserId = "{headers.x-ms-client-principal-name}")] WebPubSubConnection connectionInfo)
{
    var response = req.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK);
    response.WriteAsJsonAsync(connectionInfo);
    return response;
}

Update negotiate/function.json and copy following json codes.

{
  "bindings": [
    {
      "authLevel": "anonymous",
      "type": "httpTrigger",
      "direction": "in",
      "name": "req"
    },
    {
      "type": "http",
      "direction": "out",
      "name": "$return"
    },
    {
      "type": "webPubSubConnection",
      "name": "connection",
      "hub": "simplechat",
      "userId": "{headers.x-ms-client-principal-name}",
      "direction": "in"
    }
  ]
}

Update negotiate/__init__.py and copy following codes.

import azure.functions as func

def main(req: func.HttpRequest, connection) -> func.HttpResponse:
    return func.HttpResponse(connection)

Create a message function to broadcast client messages through service.

func new -n message -t HttpTrigger

Update src/functions/message.js and copy following codes.

const { app, output, trigger } = require('@azure/functions');

const wpsMsg = output.generic({
    type: 'webPubSub',
    name: 'actions',
    hub: 'simplechat',
});

const wpsTrigger = trigger.generic({
    type: 'webPubSubTrigger',
    name: 'request',
    hub: 'simplechat',
    eventName: 'message',
    eventType: 'user'
});

app.generic('message', {
    trigger: wpsTrigger,
    extraOutputs: [wpsMsg],
    handler: async (request, context) => {
        context.extraOutputs.set(wpsMsg, [{
            "actionName": "sendToAll",
            "data": `[${context.triggerMetadata.connectionContext.userId}] ${request.data}`,
            "dataType": request.dataType
        }]);

        return {
            data: "[SYSTEM] ack.",
            dataType: "text",
        };
    }
});

Update message/function.json and copy following json codes.

{
  "bindings": [
    {
      "type": "webPubSubTrigger",
      "direction": "in",
      "name": "data",
      "hub": "simplechat",
      "eventName": "message",
      "eventType": "user"
    },
    {
      "type": "webPubSub",
      "name": "actions",
      "hub": "simplechat",
      "direction": "out"
    }
  ]
}

Update message/index.js and copy following codes.

module.exports = async function (context, data) {
  context.bindings.actions = {
    actionName: "sendToAll",
    data: `[${context.bindingData.request.connectionContext.userId}] ${data}`,
    dataType: context.bindingData.dataType,
  };
  // UserEventResponse directly return to caller
  var response = {
    data: "[SYSTEM] ack.",
    dataType: "text",
  };
  return response;
};

Update message.cs and replace Run function with following codes.

[FunctionName("message")]
public static async Task<UserEventResponse> Run(
    [WebPubSubTrigger("simplechat", WebPubSubEventType.User, "message")] UserEventRequest request,
    BinaryData data,
    WebPubSubDataType dataType,
    [WebPubSub(Hub = "simplechat")] IAsyncCollector<WebPubSubAction> actions)
{
    await actions.AddAsync(WebPubSubAction.CreateSendToAllAction(
        BinaryData.FromString($"[{request.ConnectionContext.UserId}] {data.ToString()}"),
        dataType));
    return new UserEventResponse
    {
        Data = BinaryData.FromString("[SYSTEM] ack"),
        DataType = WebPubSubDataType.Text
    };
}

Add using statements in header to resolve required dependencies.

using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Extensions.WebPubSub;
using Microsoft.Azure.WebPubSub.Common;

Update message.cs and replace Run function with following codes.

[Function("message")]
[WebPubSubOutput(Hub = "simplechat")]
public SendToAllAction Run(
    [WebPubSubTrigger("simplechat", WebPubSubEventType.User, "message")] UserEventRequest request)
{
    return new SendToAllAction
    {
        Data = BinaryData.FromString($"[{request.ConnectionContext.UserId}] {request.Data.ToString()}"),
        DataType = request.DataType
    };
}

Update message/function.json and copy following json codes.

{
  "bindings": [
    {
      "type": "webPubSubTrigger",
      "direction": "in",
      "name": "request",
      "hub": "simplechat",
      "eventName": "message",
      "eventType": "user"
    },
    {
      "type": "webPubSub",
      "name": "actions",
      "hub": "simplechat",
      "direction": "out"
    }
  ]
}

Update message/__init__.py and copy following codes.

import json

import azure.functions as func

def main(request, actions: func.Out[str]) -> None:
    req_json = json.loads(request)
    actions.set(
        json.dumps(
            {
                "actionName": "sendToAll",
                "data": f'[{req_json["connectionContext"]["userId"]}] {req_json["data"]}',
                "dataType": req_json["dataType"],
            }
        )
    )

Add the client single page index.html in the project root folder and copy content.

<html>
  <body>
    <h1>Azure Web PubSub Serverless Chat App</h1>
    <div id="login"></div>
    <p></p>
    <input id="message" placeholder="Type to chat..." />
    <div id="messages"></div>
    <script>
      (async function () {
        let authenticated = window.location.href.includes(
          "?authenticated=true"
        );
        if (!authenticated) {
          // auth
          let login = document.querySelector("#login");
          let link = document.createElement("a");
          link.href = `${window.location.origin}/.auth/login/aad?post_login_redirect_url=/api/index?authenticated=true`;
          link.text = "login";
          login.appendChild(link);
        } else {
          // negotiate
          let messages = document.querySelector("#messages");
          let res = await fetch(`${window.location.origin}/api/negotiate`, {
            credentials: "include",
          });
          let url = await res.json();
          // connect
          let ws = new WebSocket(url.url);
          ws.onopen = () => console.log("connected");
          ws.onmessage = (event) => {
            let m = document.createElement("p");
            m.innerText = event.data;
            messages.appendChild(m);
          };
          let message = document.querySelector("#message");
          message.addEventListener("keypress", (e) => {
            if (e.charCode !== 13) return;
            ws.send(message.value);
            message.value = "";
          });
        }
      })();
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

Since C# project compiles files to a different output folder, you need to update your *.csproj to make the content page go with it.

<ItemGroup>
    <None Update="index.html">
        <CopyToOutputDirectory>PreserveNewest</CopyToOutputDirectory>
    </None>
</ItemGroup>

Since C# project compiles files to a different output folder, you need to update your *.csproj to make the content page go with it.

<ItemGroup>
    <None Update="index.html">
        <CopyToOutputDirectory>PreserveNewest</CopyToOutputDirectory>
    </None>
</ItemGroup>

Create and Deploy the Azure Function App

Before you can deploy your function code to Azure, you need to create three resources:

A resource group, which is a logical container for related resources.
A storage account, which is used to maintain state and other information about your functions.
A function app, which provides the environment for executing your function code. A function app maps to your local function project and lets you group functions as a logical unit for easier management, deployment and sharing of resources.

Use the following commands to create these items.

If you haven't done so already, sign in to Azure:

az cloud set -n AzureChinaCloud
az login
# az cloud set -n AzureCloud   //means return to Public Azure.

Create a resource group or you can skip by reusing the one of Azure Web PubSub service:
```
az group create -n WebPubSubFunction -l <REGION>
```

Create a general-purpose storage account in your resource group and region:

az storage account create -n <STORAGE_NAME> -l <REGION> -g WebPubSubFunction

Create the function app in Azure:

az functionapp create --resource-group WebPubSubFunction --consumption-plan-location <REGION> --runtime node --runtime-version 18 --functions-version 4 --name <FUNCIONAPP_NAME> --storage-account <STORAGE_NAME>

Note

Check Azure Functions runtime versions documentation to set --runtime-version parameter to supported value.

az functionapp create --resource-group WebPubSubFunction --consumption-plan-location <REGION> --runtime node --runtime-version 18 --functions-version 4 --name <FUNCIONAPP_NAME> --storage-account <STORAGE_NAME>

Note

Check Azure Functions runtime versions documentation to set --runtime-version parameter to supported value.

az functionapp create --resource-group WebPubSubFunction --consumption-plan-location <REGION> --runtime dotnet --functions-version 4 --name <FUNCIONAPP_NAME> --storage-account <STORAGE_NAME>

az functionapp create --resource-group WebPubSubFunction --consumption-plan-location <REGION> --runtime dotnet-isolated --functions-version 4 --name <FUNCIONAPP_NAME> --storage-account <STORAGE_NAME>

az functionapp create --resource-group WebPubSubFunction --consumption-plan-location <REGION> --runtime python --runtime-version 3.9 --functions-version 4 --name <FUNCIONAPP_NAME> --os-type linux --storage-account <STORAGE_NAME>

Deploy the function project to Azure:

After you have successfully created your function app in Azure, you're now ready to deploy your local functions project by using the func azure functionapp publish command.
```
func azure functionapp publish <FUNCIONAPP_NAME>
```
Configure the WebPubSubConnectionString for the function app:

First, find your Web PubSub resource from Azure Portal and copy out the connection string under Keys. Then, navigate to Function App settings in Azure Portal -> Settings -> Configuration. And add a new item under Application settings, with name equals WebPubSubConnectionString and value is your Web PubSub resource connection string.

Configure the Web PubSub service `Event Handler`

In this sample, we're using WebPubSubTrigger to listen to service upstream requests. So Web PubSub need to know the function's endpoint information in order to send target client requests. And Azure Function App requires a system key for security regarding extension-specific webhook methods. In the previous step after we deployed the Function App with message functions, we're able to get the system key.

Go to Azure portal -> Find your Function App resource -> App keys -> System keys -> webpubsub_extension. Copy out the value as <APP_KEY>.

Screenshot of get function system keys.

Set Event Handler in Azure Web PubSub service. Go to Azure portal -> Find your Web PubSub resource -> Settings. Add a new hub settings mapping to the one function in use. Replace the <FUNCTIONAPP_NAME> and <APP_KEY> to yours.

Hub Name: simplechat
URL Template: https://<FUNCTIONAPP_NAME>.chinacloudsites.cn/runtime/webhooks/webpubsub?code=<APP_KEY>
User Event Pattern: *
System Events: -(No need to configure in this sample)

Screenshot of setting the event handler.

Configure to enable client authentication

Go to Azure portal -> Find your Function App resource -> Authentication. Click Add identity provider. Set App Service authentication settings to Allow unauthenticated access, so your client index page can be visited by anonymous users before redirect to authenticate. Then Save.

Here we choose Microsoft as identify provider, which uses x-ms-client-principal-name as userId in the negotiate function. Besides, you can configure other identity providers following the links, and don't forget update the userId value in negotiate function accordingly.

Microsoft Entra ID

Try the application

Now you're able to test your page from your function app: https://<FUNCTIONAPP_NAME>.azurewebsites.cn/api/index. See snapshot below.

Click login to auth yourself.
Type message in the input box to chat.

In the message function, we broadcast caller's message to all clients and return caller with message [SYSTEM] ack. So we can know in sample chat snapshot, first four messages are from current client and last two messages are from another client.

Screenshot of chat sample.

Clean up resources

If you're not going to continue to use this app, delete all resources created by this doc with the following steps so you don't incur any charges:

In the Azure portal, select Resource groups on the far left, and then select the resource group you created. You may use the search box to find the resource group by its name instead.
In the window that opens, select the resource group, and then select Delete resource group.
In the new window, type the name of the resource group to delete, and then select Delete.

Next steps

In this quickstart, you learned how to run a serverless chat application. Now, you could start to build your own application.

Azure Web PubSub bindings for Azure Functions

Quick start: Create a simple chatroom with Azure Web PubSub

Explore more Azure Web PubSub samples

Tutorial: Create a serverless real-time chat app with Azure Functions and Azure Web PubSub service

Prerequisites

Sign in to Azure

Create an Azure Web PubSub service instance

Create the functions

Create and Deploy the Azure Function App

Configure the Web PubSub service Event Handler

Configure to enable client authentication

Try the application

Clean up resources

Next steps

Additional resources

Configure the Web PubSub service `Event Handler`