Server parameters in Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server

APPLIES TO: Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server

This article provides considerations and guidelines for configuring server parameters in Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server.

What are server parameters?

The MySQL engine provides many server parameters (also called variables) that you can use to configure and tune engine behavior. Some parameters can be set dynamically during runtime. Others are static and require a server restart after you set them.

In Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server, you can change the value of various MySQL server parameters by using the Azure portal and the Azure CLI to match your workload's needs.

Configurable server parameters

You can manage the configuration of an Azure Database for MySQL Flexible Server by using server parameters. The server parameters are configured with the default and recommended values when you create the server. The Server parameters pane in the Azure portal shows both the modifiable and nonmodifiable parameters. The nonmodifiable server parameters are unavailable.

The list of supported server parameters is constantly growing. You can use the Azure portal to periodically view the full list of server parameters and configure the values.

If you modify a static server parameter by using the portal, you need to restart the server for the changes to take effect. If you're using automation scripts (through tools like Azure Resource Manager templates, Terraform, or the Azure CLI), your script should have a provision to restart the service for the settings to take effect, even if you're changing the configuration as a part of the creation experience.

The following sections describe the limits of the commonly updated server parameters. The compute tier and the size (vCores) of the server determine the limits.

lower_case_table_names

For MySQL version 5.7, the default value of lower_case_table_names is 1 in Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server. Although it's possible to change the supported value to 2, reverting from 2 back to 1 isn't allowed. For assistance in changing the default value, create a support ticket.

For MySQL version 8.0+ you can configure lower_case_table_names only when you're initializing the server. Learn more. Changing the lower_case_table_names setting after the server is initialized is prohibited.

Supported values for MySQL version 8.0 are 1 and 2 in Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server. The default value is 1. For assistance in changing the default value during server creation, create a support ticket.

innodb_tmpdir

You use the innodb_tmpdir parameter in Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server to define the directory for temporary sort files created during online ALTER TABLE operations that rebuild.

The default value of innodb_tmpdir is /mnt/temp. This location corresponds to the temporary storage (SSD) and is available in gibibytes (GiB) with each server compute size. This location is ideal for operations that don't require a large amount of space.

If you need more space, you can set innodb_tmpdir to /app/work/tmpdir. This setting utilizes the available storage capacity on your Azure Database for MySQL Flexible Server. This setting can be useful for larger operations that require more temporary storage.

Keep in mind that using /app/work/tmpdir results in slower performance compared to the default temporary storage (SSD) /mnt/temp value. Make the choice based on the specific requirements of the operations.

The information provided for innodb_tmpdir is applicable to the parameters innodb_temp_tablespaces_dir, tmpdir, and slave_load_tmpdir where:

• The default value /mnt/temp is common.
• The alternative directory /app/work/tmpdir is available for configuring increased temporary storage, with a trade-off in performance based on specific operational requirements.

log_bin_trust_function_creators

In Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server, binary logs are always enabled (that is, log_bin is set to ON). The log_bin_trust_function_creators parameter is set to ON by default in flexible servers.

The binary logging format is always ROW, and connections to the server always use row-based binary logging. With row-based binary logging, security issues don't exist and binary logging can't break, so you can safely allow log_bin_trust_function_creators to remain as ON.

If log_bin_trust_function_creators is set to OFF and you try to create triggers, you might get errors similar to: "You don't have the SUPER privilege, and binary logging is enabled (you might want to use the less safe log_bin_trust_function_creators variable)."

innodb_buffer_pool_size

To learn about the innodb_buffer_pool_size parameter, review the MySQL documentation.

The physical memory size in the following table represents the available random-access memory (RAM), in gigabytes (GB), on your Azure Database for MySQL Flexible Server.

Pricing tier	vCores	Physical memory size (GB)	Default value (bytes)	Min value (bytes)	Max value (bytes)
Burstable (B1s)	1	1	134217728	33554432	268435456
Burstable (B1ms)	1	2	536870912	134217728	1073741824
Burstable (B2s)	2	4	2147483648	134217728	2147483648
Burstable (B2ms)	2	8	4294967296	134217728	5368709120
Burstable	4	16	12884901888	134217728	12884901888
Burstable	8	32	25769803776	134217728	25769803776
Burstable	12	48	51539607552	134217728	51539607552
Burstable	16	64	2147483648	134217728	2147483648
Burstable	20	80	64424509440	134217728	64424509440
General Purpose	2	8	4294967296	134217728	5368709120
General Purpose	4	16	12884901888	134217728	12884901888
General Purpose	8	32	25769803776	134217728	25769803776
General Purpose	16	64	51539607552	134217728	51539607552
General Purpose	32	128	103079215104	134217728	103079215104
General Purpose	48	192	154618822656	134217728	154618822656
General Purpose	64	256	206158430208	134217728	206158430208
Business Critical	2	16	12884901888	134217728	12884901888
Business Critical	4	32	25769803776	134217728	25769803776
Business Critical	8	64	51539607552	134217728	51539607552
Business Critical	16	128	103079215104	134217728	103079215104
Business Critical	20	160	128849018880	134217728	128849018880
Business Critical	32	256	206158430208	134217728	206158430208
Business Critical	48	384	309237645312	134217728	309237645312
Business Critical	64	504	405874409472	134217728	405874409472

innodb_file_per_table

MySQL stores the InnoDB table in different tablespaces based on the configuration that you provided during the table creation. The system tablespace is the storage area for the InnoDB data dictionary. A file-per-table tablespace contains data and indexes for a single InnoDB table, and it's stored in the file system in its own data file. The innodb_file_per_table server parameter controls this behavior.

Setting innodb_file_per_table to OFF causes InnoDB to create tables in the system tablespace. Otherwise, InnoDB creates tables in file-per-table tablespaces.

Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server supports a maximum of 8 terabytes (TB) in a single data file. If your database size is larger than 8 TB, you should create the table in the innodb_file_per_table tablespace. If you have a single table size larger than 8 TB, you should use the partition table.

innodb_log_file_size

The value of innodb_log_file_size is the size (in bytes) of each log file in a log group. The combined size of log files (innodb_log_file_size * innodb_log_files_in_group) can't exceed a maximum value that is slightly less than 512 GB.

A bigger log file size is better for performance, but the drawback is that the recovery time after a crash is high. You need to balance recovery time for the rare event of a crash versus maximizing throughput during peak operations. A bigger log file size can also result in longer restart times.

You can configure innodb_log_size to 256 megabytes (MB), 512 MB, 1 GB, or 2 GB for Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server. The parameter is static and requires a restart.

max_connections

The memory size of the server determines the value of max_connections. The physical memory size in the following table represents the available RAM, in gigabytes, on your Azure Database for MySQL Flexible Server.

Pricing tier	vCores	Physical memory size (GB)	Default value	Min value	Max value
Burstable (B1s)	1	1	85	10	171
Burstable (B1ms)	1	2	171	10	341
Burstable (B2s)	2	4	341	10	683
Burstable (B2ms)	2	4	683	10	1365
Burstable	4	16	1365	10	2731
Burstable	8	32	2731	10	5461
Burstable	12	48	4097	10	8193
Burstable	16	64	5461	10	10923
Burstable	20	80	6827	10	13653
General Purpose	2	8	683	10	1365
General Purpose	4	16	1365	10	2731
General Purpose	8	32	2731	10	5461
General Purpose	16	64	5461	10	10923
General Purpose	32	128	10923	10	21845
General Purpose	48	192	16384	10	32768
General Purpose	64	256	21845	10	43691
Business Critical	2	16	1365	10	2731
Business Critical	4	32	2731	10	5461
Business Critical	8	64	5461	10	10923
Business Critical	16	128	10923	10	21845
Business Critical	20	160	13653	10	27306
Business Critical	32	256	21845	10	43691
Business Critical	48	384	32768	10	65536
Business Critical	64	504	43008	10	86016

When connections exceed the limit, you might receive the following error: "ERROR 1040 (08004): Too many connections."

Creating new client connections to MySQL takes time. After you establish these connections, they occupy database resources, even when they're idle. Most applications request many short-lived connections, which compounds this situation. The result is fewer resources available for your actual workload, leading to decreased performance.

A connection pooler that decreases idle connections and reuses existing connections helps you avoid this problem. For the best experience, we recommend that you use a connection pooler like ProxySQL to efficiently manage connections. To learn about setting up ProxySQL, see this blog post.

innodb_strict_mode

If you receive an error similar to "Row size too large (> 8126)," you might want to turn off the innodb_strict_mode server parameter. This parameter can't be modified globally at the server level because if row data size is larger than 8K, the data is truncated without an error. This truncation can lead to potential data loss. We recommend modifying the schema to fit the page size limit.

You can set this parameter at the session level by using init_connect. For more information, see Setting nonmodifiable server parameters.

time_zone

Upon initial deployment, an Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server instance includes system tables for time zone information, but these tables aren't populated. You can populate the time zone tables by calling the mysql.az_load_timezone stored procedure from a tool like the MySQL command line or MySQL Workbench. You can also call the stored procedure and set the global or session-level time zones by using the Azure portal or the Azure CLI.

binlog_expire_logs_seconds

In Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server, the binlog_expire_logs_seconds parameter specifies the number of seconds that the service waits before deleting the binary log file.

The binary log contains events that describe database changes, such as table creation operations or changes to table data. The binary log also contains events for statements that potentially could have made changes. The binary log is used mainly for two purposes: replication and data recovery operations.

Usually, the binary logs are deleted as soon as the handle is free from the service, backup, or replica set. If there are multiple replicas, the binary logs wait for the slowest replica to read the changes before they're deleted.

If you want to persist binary logs for a longer duration, you can configure the binlog_expire_logs_seconds parameter. If binlog_expire_logs_seconds is set to the default value of 0, a binary log is deleted as soon as the handle to it is freed. If the value of binlog_expire_logs_seconds is greater than 0, the binary log is deleted after the configured number of seconds.

Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server handles managed features, like backup and read replica deletion of binary files, internally. When you replicate the data-out from Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server, this parameter needs to be set in the primary to avoid deletion of binary logs before the replica reads from the changes in the primary. If you set binlog_expire_logs_seconds to a higher value, the binary logs won't be deleted soon enough. That delay can lead to an increase in the storage billing.

event_scheduler

In Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server, the event_scheduler server parameter manages creating, scheduling, and running events. That is, the parameter manages tasks that run according to a schedule by a special MySQL Event Scheduler thread. When the event_scheduler parameter is set to ON, the Event Scheduler thread is listed as a daemon process in the output of SHOW PROCESSLIST.

You can create and schedule events by using the following SQL syntax:

CREATE EVENT <event name>
ON SCHEDULE EVERY _ MINUTE / HOUR / DAY
STARTS TIMESTAMP / CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
ENDS TIMESTAMP / CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 MINUTE / HOUR / DAY
COMMENT '<comment>'
DO
<your statement>;

For more information about creating an event, see the following documentation about the Event Scheduler in the MySQL reference manual:

• Using the Event Scheduler in MySQL 5.7
• Using the Event Scheduler in MySQL 8.0

Configuring the event_scheduler server parameter

The following scenario illustrates one way to use the event_scheduler parameter in Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server.

To demonstrate the scenario, consider the following example of a simple table:

mysql> describe tab1;
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field     | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id        | int(11)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| CreatedAt | timestamp   | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| CreatedBy | varchar(16) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.23 sec)

To configure the event_scheduler server parameter in Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server, perform the following steps:

1. In the Azure portal, go to your Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server instance. Under Settings, select Server parameters.

2. On the Server parameters pane, search for event_scheduler. In the VALUE dropdown list, select ON, and then select Save.

   Note

   Deployment of the dynamic configuration change to the server parameter doesn't require a restart.

3. To create an event, connect to the Azure Database for MySQL - Flexible Server instance and run the following SQL command:

   CREATE EVENT test_event_01
   ON SCHEDULE EVERY 1 MINUTE
   STARTS CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
   ENDS CURRENT_TIMESTAMP + INTERVAL 1 HOUR
   COMMENT 'Inserting record into the table tab1 with current timestamp'
   DO
   INSERT INTO tab1(id,createdAt,createdBy)
   VALUES('',NOW(),CURRENT_USER());
   

4. To view the Event Scheduler details, run the following SQL statement:

   SHOW EVENTS;
   

   The following output appears:

   mysql> show events;
   +-----+---------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------------+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
   | Db  | Name          | Definer     | Time zone | Type      | Execute at | Interval value | Interval field | Starts              | Ends                | Status  | Originator | character_set_client | collation_connection | Database Collation |
   +-----+---------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------------+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
   | db1 | test_event_01 | azureuser@% | SYSTEM    | RECURRING | NULL       | 1              | MINUTE         | 2023-04-05 14:47:04 | 2023-04-05 15:47:04 | ENABLED | 3221153808 | latin1               | latin1_swedish_ci    | latin1_swedish_ci  |
   +-----+---------------+-------------+-----------+-----------+------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------------+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
   1 row in set (0.23 sec)
   

5. After a few minutes, query the rows from the table to begin viewing the rows inserted every minute according to the event_scheduler parameter that you configured:

   mysql> select * from tab1;
   +----+---------------------+-------------+
   | id | CreatedAt           | CreatedBy   |
   +----+---------------------+-------------+
   |  1 | 2023-04-05 14:47:04 | azureuser@% |
   |  2 | 2023-04-05 14:48:04 | azureuser@% |
   |  3 | 2023-04-05 14:49:04 | azureuser@% |
   |  4 | 2023-04-05 14:50:04 | azureuser@% |
   +----+---------------------+-------------+
   4 rows in set (0.23 sec)
   

6. After an hour, run a select statement on the table to view the complete result of the values inserted into table every minute for an hour (as event_scheduler is configured in this case):

   mysql> select * from tab1;
   +----+---------------------+-------------+
   | id | CreatedAt           | CreatedBy   |
   +----+---------------------+-------------+
   |  1 | 2023-04-05 14:47:04 | azureuser@% |
   |  2 | 2023-04-05 14:48:04 | azureuser@% |
   |  3 | 2023-04-05 14:49:04 | azureuser@% |
   |  4 | 2023-04-05 14:50:04 | azureuser@% |
   |  5 | 2023-04-05 14:51:04 | azureuser@% |
   |  6 | 2023-04-05 14:52:04 | azureuser@% |
   ..< 50 lines trimmed to compact output >..
   | 56 | 2023-04-05 15:42:04 | azureuser@% |
   | 57 | 2023-04-05 15:43:04 | azureuser@% |
   | 58 | 2023-04-05 15:44:04 | azureuser@% |
   | 59 | 2023-04-05 15:45:04 | azureuser@% |
   | 60 | 2023-04-05 15:46:04 | azureuser@% |
   | 61 | 2023-04-05 15:47:04 | azureuser@% |
   +----+---------------------+-------------+
   61 rows in set (0.23 sec)
   

Other scenarios

You can set up an event based on the requirements of your specific scenario. A few examples of scheduling SQL statements to run at various time intervals follow.

To run a SQL statement now and repeat one time per day with no end:

CREATE EVENT <event name>
ON SCHEDULE
EVERY 1 DAY
STARTS (TIMESTAMP(CURRENT_DATE) + INTERVAL 1 DAY + INTERVAL 1 HOUR)
COMMENT 'Comment'
DO
<your statement>;

To run a SQL statement every hour with no end:

CREATE EVENT <event name>
ON SCHEDULE
EVERY 1 HOUR
COMMENT 'Comment'
DO
<your statement>;

To run a SQL statement every day with no end:

CREATE EVENT <event name>
ON SCHEDULE 
EVERY 1 DAY
STARTS str_to_date( date_format(now(), '%Y%m%d 0200'), '%Y%m%d %H%i' ) + INTERVAL 1 DAY
COMMENT 'Comment'
DO
<your statement>;

Limitations

For servers with high availability configured, when failover occurs, it's possible that the event_scheduler server parameter is set to OFF. If this occurs, when the failover is complete, configure the parameter to set the value to ON.

Nonmodifiable server parameters

The Server parameters pane in the Azure portal shows both the modifiable and nonmodifiable server parameters. The nonmodifiable server parameters are unavailable. You can configure a nonmodifiable server parameter at the session level by using init_connect in the Azure portal or the Azure CLI.

Related content

• Configure server parameters in the Azure portal
• Configure server parameters in the Azure CLI