为 Azure 准备 Ubuntu 虚拟机Prepare an Ubuntu virtual machine for Azure

02/01/2021

Ubuntu 现已发布正式 Azure VHD，可从 https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/ 下载。Ubuntu now publishes official Azure VHDs for download at https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/. 如果需要为 Azure 构建自己专用的 Ubuntu 映像，而不是使用以下手动过程，则我们建议先使用这些已知良好的 VHD，并根据需要进行自定义。If you need to build your own specialized Ubuntu image for Azure, rather than use the manual procedure below it is recommended to start with these known working VHDs and customize as needed. 始终可以在以下位置找到最新的映像版本：The latest image releases can always be found at the following locations:

Ubuntu 16.04/Xenial：ubuntu-16.04-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.vmdkUbuntu 16.04/Xenial: ubuntu-16.04-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.vmdk
Ubuntu 18.04/Bionic：bionic-server-cloudimg-amd64.vmdkUbuntu 18.04/Bionic: bionic-server-cloudimg-amd64.vmdk

先决条件Prerequisites

本文假设已在虚拟硬盘中安装 Ubuntu Linux 操作系统。This article assumes that you have already installed an Ubuntu Linux operating system to a virtual hard disk. 可使用多种工具创建 .vhd 文件，如 Hyper-V 等虚拟化解决方案。Multiple tools exist to create .vhd files, for example a virtualization solution such as Hyper-V. 有关说明，请参阅安装 Hyper-V 角色和配置虚拟机。For instructions, see Install the Hyper-V Role and Configure a Virtual Machine.

Ubuntu 安装说明Ubuntu installation notes

另请参阅常规 Linux 安装说明，以获取更多有关如何为 Azure 准备 Linux 的提示。Please see also General Linux Installation Notes for more tips on preparing Linux for Azure.
Azure 不支持 VHDX 格式，仅支持 固定大小的 VHD。The VHDX format is not supported in Azure, only fixed VHD. 可使用 Hyper-V 管理器或 Convert-VHD cmdlet 将磁盘转换为 VHD 格式。You can convert the disk to VHD format using Hyper-V Manager or the Convert-VHD cmdlet.
在安装 Linux 系统时，建议使用标准分区而不是 LVM（通常是许多安装的默认值）。When installing the Linux system it is recommended that you use standard partitions rather than LVM (often the default for many installations). 这会避免 LVM 与克隆 VM 发生名称冲突，特别是在 OS 磁盘需要连接到另一台 VM 以进行故障排除的情况下。This will avoid LVM name conflicts with cloned VMs, particularly if an OS disk ever needs to be attached to another VM for troubleshooting. 如果需要，可以在数据磁盘上使用 LVM 或 RAID。LVM or RAID may be used on data disks if preferred.
请勿在操作系统磁盘上配置交换分区或交换文件。Do not configure a swap partition or swapfile on the OS disk. 可以将 cloud-init 设置代理配置为在临时资源磁盘上创建交换文件或交换分区。The cloud-init provisioning agent can be configured to create a swap file or a swap partition on the temporary resource disk. 可以在下面的步骤中找到有关此内容的详细信息。More information about this can be found in the steps below.
Azure 上的所有 VHD 必须已将虚拟大小调整为 1MB。All VHDs on Azure must have a virtual size aligned to 1MB. 从原始磁盘转换为 VHD 时，必须确保在转换前原始磁盘大小是 1MB 的倍数。When converting from a raw disk to VHD you must ensure that the raw disk size is a multiple of 1MB before conversion. 有关详细信息，请参阅 Linux 安装说明。See Linux Installation Notes for more information.

手动步骤Manual steps

备注

尝试为 Azure 创建自己的自定义 Ubuntu 映像前，请考虑改用 https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/ 中预生成的经过测试的映像。Before attempting to create your own custom Ubuntu image for Azure, please consider using the pre-built and tested images from https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/ instead.

在 Hyper-V 管理器的中间窗格中，选择虚拟机。In the center pane of Hyper-V Manager, select the virtual machine.
单击“连接” 打开虚拟机窗口。Click Connect to open the window for the virtual machine.

替换映像中的当前存储库，以使用 Ubuntu 的 Azure 存储库。Replace the current repositories in the image to use Ubuntu's Azure repository.

编辑 /etc/apt/sources.list前，建议进行备份：Before editing /etc/apt/sources.list, it is recommended to make a backup:

# sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak

Ubuntu 16.04 和 Ubuntu 18.04：Ubuntu 16.04 and Ubuntu 18.04:

# sudo sed -i 's/http:\/\/archive\.ubuntu\.com\/ubuntu\//http:\/\/azure\.archive\.ubuntu\.com\/ubuntu\//g' /etc/apt/sources.list
# sudo sed -i 's/http:\/\/[a-z][a-z]\.archive\.ubuntu\.com\/ubuntu\//http:\/\/azure\.archive\.ubuntu\.com\/ubuntu\//g' /etc/apt/sources.list
# sudo apt-get update

Ubuntu Azure 映像现在使用的是 Azure 定制内核。The Ubuntu Azure images are now using the Azure-tailored kernel. 运行以下命令，将操作系统更新为最新版 Azure 定制内核，并安装 Azure Linux 工具（包括 Hyper-V 依赖项）：Update the operating system to the latest Azure-tailored kernel and install Azure Linux tools (including Hyper-V dependencies) by running the following commands:

Ubuntu 16.04 和 Ubuntu 18.04：Ubuntu 16.04 and Ubuntu 18.04:
```
# sudo apt update
# sudo apt install linux-azure linux-image-azure linux-headers-azure linux-tools-common linux-cloud-tools-common linux-tools-azure linux-cloud-tools-azure
(recommended) # sudo apt full-upgrade

# sudo reboot
```
修改 Grub 的内核引导行以使其包含 Azure 的其他内核参数。Modify the kernel boot line for Grub to include additional kernel parameters for Azure. 为此，请在文本编辑器中打开 /etc/default/grub，找到名为 GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT 的变量（或根据需要添加它）并对它进行编辑，使其包含以下参数：To do this open /etc/default/grub in a text editor, find the variable called GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT (or add it if needed) and edit it to include the following parameters:
```
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="console=tty1 console=ttyS0,115200n8 earlyprintk=ttyS0,115200 rootdelay=300 quiet splash"
```
保存并关闭此文件并运行 sudo update-grub。Save and close this file, and then run sudo update-grub. 这还可确保将所有控制台消息发送到第一个串行端口，从而可以协助 Azure 技术支持人员调试问题。This will ensure all console messages are sent to the first serial port, which can assist Azure technical support with debugging issues.
请确保已安装 SSH 服务器且将其配置为在引导时启动。Ensure that the SSH server is installed and configured to start at boot time. 这通常是默认设置。This is usually the default.
安装 cloud-init（预配代理）和 Azure Linux 代理（来宾扩展处理程序）。Install cloud-init (the provisioning agent) and the Azure Linux Agent (the guest extensions handler). Cloud init 在预配和之后的每次引导期间都会使用 netplan 配置系统网络配置。Cloud-init uses netplan to configure the system network configuration during provisioning and each subsequent boot.
```
# sudo apt update
# sudo apt install cloud-init netplan.io walinuxagent && systemctl stop walinuxagent
```
备注

安装 walinuxagent 包时会删除 NetworkManager 和 NetworkManager-gnome 包（如果已安装它们）。The walinuxagent package may remove the NetworkManager and NetworkManager-gnome packages, if they are installed.
删除 cloud-init 默认配置和多余的 netplan 项目，它们可能与 Azure 中的 cloud-init 设置产生冲突：Remove cloud-init default configs and leftover netplan artifacts that may conflict with cloud-init provisioning on Azure:
```
# rm -f /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d/50-curtin-networking.cfg /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d/curtin-preserve-sources.cfg
# rm -f /etc/cloud/ds-identify.cfg
# rm -f /etc/netplan/*.yaml
```

将 cloud-init 配置为使用 Azure 数据源预配系统：Configure cloud-init to provision the system using the Azure datasource:

# cat > /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d/90_dpkg.cfg << EOF
datasource_list: [ Azure ]
EOF

# cat > /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d/90-azure.cfg << EOF
system_info:
   package_mirrors:
     - arches: [i386, amd64]
       failsafe:
         primary: http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu
         security: http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu
       search:
         primary:
           - http://azure.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/
         security: []
     - arches: [armhf, armel, default]
       failsafe:
         primary: http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports
         security: http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports
EOF

# cat > /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg.d/10-azure-kvp.cfg << EOF
reporting:
  logging:
    type: log
  telemetry:
    type: hyperv
EOF

将 Azure Linux 代理配置为依赖 cloud-init 来执行预配。Configure the Azure Linux agent to rely on cloud-init to perform provisioning. 有关这些选项的详细信息，请查看 WALinuxAgent 项目。Have a look at the WALinuxAgent project for more information on these options.

sed -i 's/Provisioning.Enabled=y/Provisioning.Enabled=n/g' /etc/waagent.conf
sed -i 's/Provisioning.UseCloudInit=n/Provisioning.UseCloudInit=y/g' /etc/waagent.conf
sed -i 's/ResourceDisk.Format=y/ResourceDisk.Format=n/g' /etc/waagent.conf
sed -i 's/ResourceDisk.EnableSwap=y/ResourceDisk.EnableSwap=n/g' /etc/waagent.conf

cat >> /etc/waagent.conf << EOF
# For Azure Linux agent version >= 2.2.45, this is the option to configure,
# enable, or disable the provisioning behavior of the Linux agent.
# Accepted values are auto (default), waagent, cloud-init, or disabled.
# A value of auto means that the agent will rely on cloud-init to handle
# provisioning if it is installed and enabled, which in this case it will.
Provisioning.Agent=auto
EOF

清除 cloud-init 和 Azure Linux 代理运行时项目和日志：Clean cloud-init and Azure Linux agent runtime artifacts and logs:

# sudo cloud-init clean --logs --seed
# sudo rm -rf /var/lib/cloud/
# sudo systemctl stop walinuxagent.service
# sudo rm -rf /var/lib/waagent/
# sudo rm -f /var/log/waagent.log

运行以下命令可取消对虚拟机的预配并且对其进行准备以便在 Azure 上进行预配：Run the following commands to deprovision the virtual machine and prepare it for provisioning on Azure:

备注

sudo waagent -force -deprovision+user 命令将尝试清除系统并使其能够进行重新预配。The sudo waagent -force -deprovision+user command will attempt to clean the system and make it suitable for re-provisioning. +user 选项会删除上次预配的用户帐户和关联的数据。The +user option deletes the last provisioned user account and associated data.

警告

使用上述命令取消预配无法保证清除映像中的所有敏感信息且适用于分发版。Deprovisioning using the command above does not guarantee that the image is cleared of all sensitive information and is suitable for redistribution.
```
# sudo waagent -force -deprovision+user
# rm -f ~/.bash_history
# export HISTSIZE=0
# logout
```
在 Hyper-V 管理器中单击“操作”->“关闭”。Click Action -> Shut Down in Hyper-V Manager.
Azure 仅接受固定大小的 VHD。Azure only accepts fixed-size VHDs. 如果 VM 的 OS 磁盘不是固定大小的 VHD，请使用 Convert-VHD PowerShell cmdlet 并指定 -VHDType Fixed 选项。If the VM's OS disk is not a fixed-size VHD, use the Convert-VHD PowerShell cmdlet and specify the -VHDType Fixed option. 请查看以下文档，了解 Convert-VHD：Convert-VHD。Please have a look at the docs for Convert-VHD here: Convert-VHD.

后续步骤Next steps

现在，可使用 Ubuntu Linux 虚拟硬盘在 Azure 中创建新的 Azure 虚拟机。You're now ready to use your Ubuntu Linux virtual hard disk to create new virtual machines in Azure. 如果是首次将 .vhd 文件上传到 Azure，请参阅从自定义磁盘创建 Linux VM。If this is the first time that you're uploading the .vhd file to Azure, see Create a Linux VM from a custom disk.

为 Azure 准备 Ubuntu 虚拟机Prepare an Ubuntu virtual machine for Azure

先决条件Prerequisites

手动步骤Manual steps

后续步骤Next steps

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