Storage options in Azure Database for PostgreSQL - Flexible Server

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APPLIES TO: Azure Database for PostgreSQL - Flexible Server

You can create an Azure Database for PostgreSQL flexible server instance using Azure managed disks, which are block-level storage volumes managed by Azure and used with Azure Virtual Machines. Managed disks are like a physical disk in an on-premises server but, virtualized. With managed disks, all you have to do is specify the disk size, the disk type, and provision the disk. Once you provision the disk, Azure handles the rest. Azure Database for PostgreSQL Flexible Server supports premium solid-state drives (SSD) and the pricing is calculated based on the compute, memory, and storage tier you provision.

Premium SSD

Azure Premium SSDs deliver high-performance and low-latency disk support for virtual machines (VMs) with input/output (IO)-intensive workloads. Premium SSDs are suitable for mission-critical production applications, but you can use them only with compatible VM series. Premium SSDs support the 512E sector size.

Reach Storage Limits

When you reach the storage limit, the server starts returning errors and prevents any further modifications. Reaching the limit might also cause problems with other operational activities, such as backups and write-ahead log (WAL) archiving. To avoid this situation, the server is automatically switched to read-only mode when the storage usage reaches 95 percent or when the available capacity is less than 5 GiB. You can use storage autogrow feature to avoid this issue with Premium SSD disk.

We recommend that you actively monitor the disk space that's in use and increase the disk size before you run out of storage. You can set up an alert to notify you when your server storage is approaching an out-of-disk state. For more information, see Use the Azure portal to set up alerts on metrics for Azure Database for PostgreSQL - Flexible Server.

Storage autogrow

Storage autogrow can help ensure that your server always has enough storage capacity and doesn't become read-only. When you turn on storage autogrow, disk size increases without affecting the workload.

For servers with more than 1 TiB of provisioned storage, the storage autogrow mechanism activates when the available space falls to less than 10% of the total capacity or 64 GiB of free space, whichever of the two values are smaller. Conversely, for servers with storage under 1 TiB, this threshold is adjusted to 20% of the available free space or 64 GiB, depending on which of these values is smaller.

As an illustration, take a server with a storage capacity of 2 TiB (greater than 1 TiB). In this case, the autogrow limit is set at 64 GiB. This choice is made because 64 GiB is the smaller value when compared to 10% of 2 TiB, which is roughly 204.8 GiB. In contrast, for a server with a storage size of 128 GiB (less than 1 TiB), the autogrow feature activates when there's only 25.8 GiB of space left. This activation is based on the 20% threshold of the total allocated storage (128 GiB), which is smaller than 64 GiB.

The default behavior is to increase the disk size to the next premium SSD storage tier. This increase is always double in both size and cost, regardless of whether you start the storage scaling operation manually or through storage autogrow. Enabling storage autogrow is valuable when you're managing unpredictable workloads, because it automatically detects low-storage conditions and scales up the storage accordingly.

The process of scaling storage is performed online without causing any downtime, except when the disk is provisioned at 4,096 GiB. This exception is a limitation of Azure Managed disks. If a disk is already 4,096 GiB, the storage scaling activity isn't triggered, even if storage autogrow is turned on. In such cases, you need to scale your storage manually. Please rememeber that in this specific case, manual scaling is an offline operation and should be scheduled in alignment with your business needs.

Remember that storage can only be scaled up, not down.

Storage Autogrow Limitations and Considerations

  • Disk scaling operations are generally performed online, except in specific scenarios involving the 4,096-GiB boundary. These scenarios include reaching or crossing the 4,096-GiB limit. For instance, scaling from 2,048 GiB to 8,192 GiB will trigger an offline operation. In the Azure portal, moving to 4 TB, which is represented as 4,095 GiB, will keep the operation online. However, if you explicitly specify 4 TB as 4,096 GiB, such as in Azure CLI, the scaling operation will be offline since it reaches the 4,096-GiB limit.

  • Host Caching (ReadOnly and Read/Write) is supported on disk sizes less than 4 TiB. Any disk that is provisioned up to 4,095 GiB can take advantage of Host Caching. Host caching isn't supported for disk sizes more than or equal to 4,096 GiB. For example, a P50 premium disk provisioned at 4,095 GiB can take advantage of Host caching and a P50 disk provisioned at 4,096 GiB can't take advantage of Host Caching. Customers moving from lower disk size to 4,096 GiB or higher won't get disk caching ability.

    This limitation is due to the underlying Azure Managed disk, which needs a manual disk scaling operation. You receive an informational message in the portal when you approach this limit.

  • Storage autogrow isn't triggered when you have high WAL usage.

Note

Storage autogrow depends on online disk scaling, so it never causes downtime.

IOPS scaling

Azure Database for PostgreSQL flexible server supports provisioning of extra IOPS. This feature enables you to provision more IOPS above the complimentary IOPS limit. Using this feature, you can increase or decrease the number of IOPS provisioned based on your workload requirements at any time.

The minimum and maximum IOPS are determined by the selected compute size. To learn more about the minimum and maximum IOPS per compute size refer to the compute size.

Important

Minimum and maximum IOPS are determined by the selected compute size.

Learn how to scale up or down IOPS.

Price

For the most up-to-date pricing information, see the Azure Database for PostgreSQL flexible server pricing page. The Azure portal shows the monthly cost on the Pricing tier tab, based on the options that you select.

If you don't have an Azure subscription, you can use the Azure pricing calculator to get an estimated price. On the Azure pricing calculator website, select Azure Database for PostgreSQL to customize the options.

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