使用 Azure 机器学习 CLI 和 Python SDK 为表格数据设置 AutoML 训练

若要使用 SDK 信息，请安装适用于 Python 的 Azure 机器学习 SDK v2。

若要安装该 SDK，你可以：

• 创建一个计算实例，其中已安装最新的 Azure 机器学习 Python SDK 并针对 ML 工作流进行了预配置。 有关详细信息，请参阅创建 Azure 机器学习计算实例。
• 在本地计算机上安装 SDK

若要使用 CLI 信息，请安装适用于机器学习的 Azure CLI 和扩展。

azure.ai.ml 中的 MLClient 将使用这工作区详细信息来获取所需 Azure 机器学习工作区的句柄。

在以下示例中，默认 Azure 身份验证将与默认工作区配置一起使用，或者与复制到文件夹结构的任何 config.json 文件中的配置一起使用。 如果未找到 config.json，则你需要在创建 MLClient 时手动引入subscription_id、resource_group 和 workspace。

from azure.identity import DefaultAzureCredential
from azure.ai.ml import MLClient

credential = DefaultAzureCredential()
ml_client = None
try:
    ml_client = MLClient.from_config(credential)
except Exception as ex:
    print(ex)
    # Enter details of your Azure Machine Learning workspace
    subscription_id = "<SUBSCRIPTION_ID>"
    resource_group = "<RESOURCE_GROUP>"
    workspace = "<AZUREML_WORKSPACE_NAME>"
    ml_client = MLClient(credential, subscription_id, resource_group, workspace)

在 CLI 中，首先登录到 Azure 帐户。 如果你的帐户与多个订阅关联，则你可能还需要设置订阅。

az login

你还可以为工作区设置默认值，以避免在每个 CLI 命令中键入这些标志：

az configure --defaults group=<RESOURCE_GROUP> workspace=<AZUREML_WORKSPACE_NAME> location=<LOCATION>

有关详细信息，请参阅 CLI 设置文章部分。

可使用 mltable Python SDK 创建 MLTable，如以下示例所示：

import mltable

paths = [
    {'file': './train_data/bank_marketing_train_data.csv'}
]

train_table = mltable.from_delimited_files(paths)
train_table.save('./train_data')

此代码会创建一个新文件 ./train_data/MLTable，其中包含文件格式和加载说明。

以下 YAML 代码是 MLTable 的定义，可将它连同数据文件（.CSV 或 Parquet 文件）一起放在本地文件夹中或云上的远程文件夹中。 在本例中，我们将 YAML 文本写入本地文件 ./train_data/MLTable。

$schema: https://azuremlschemas.azureedge.net/latest/MLTable.schema.json

paths:
  - file: ./bank_marketing_train_data.csv
transformations:
  - read_delimited:
        delimiter: ','
        encoding: 'ascii'

from azure.ai.ml.constants import AssetTypes
from azure.ai.ml import automl, Input

# note that this is a code snippet -- you might have to modify the variable values to run it successfully

# make an Input object for the training data
my_training_data_input = Input(
    type=AssetTypes.MLTABLE, path="./data/training-mltable-folder"
)

# configure the classification job
classification_job = automl.classification(
    compute=my_compute_name,
    experiment_name=my_exp_name,
    training_data=my_training_data_input,
    target_column_name="y",
    primary_metric="accuracy",
    n_cross_validations=5,
    enable_model_explainability=True,
    tags={"my_custom_tag": "My custom value"}
)

# Limits are all optional
classification_job.set_limits(
    timeout_minutes=600, 
    trial_timeout_minutes=20, 
    max_trials=5,
    enable_early_termination=True,
)

# Training properties are optional
classification_job.set_training(
    blocked_training_algorithms=["logistic_regression"], 
    enable_onnx_compatible_models=True
)

$schema: https://azuremlsdk2.blob.core.chinacloudapi.cn/preview/0.0.1/autoMLJob.schema.json
type: automl

experiment_name: <my_exp_name>
description: A classification AutoML job
task: classification

training_data:
    path: "./train_data"
    type: mltable

compute: azureml:<my_compute_name>
primary_metric: accuracy  
target_column_name: y
n_cross_validations: 5
enable_model_explainability: True

tags:
    <my_custom_tag>: <My custom value>

limits:
    timeout_minutes: 600 
    trial_timeout_minutes: 20 
    max_trials: 5
    enable_early_termination: True

training:
    blocked_training_algorithms: ["logistic_regression"] 
    enable_onnx_compatible_models: True

from azure.ai.ml.automl import ColumnTransformer

transformer_params = {
    "imputer": [
        ColumnTransformer(fields=["CACH"], parameters={"strategy": "most_frequent"}),
        ColumnTransformer(fields=["PRP"], parameters={"strategy": "most_frequent"}),
    ],
}
regression_job.set_featurization(
    mode="custom",
    transformer_params=transformer_params,
    blocked_transformers=["LabelEncoding"],
    column_name_and_types={"CHMIN": "Categorical"},
)

$schema: https://azuremlsdk2.blob.core.chinacloudapi.cn/preview/0.0.1/autoMLJob.schema.json
type: automl

experiment_name: <my_exp_name>
description: A classification AutoML job
task: classification

training_data:
    path: "./train_data"
    type: mltable

compute: azureml:<my_compute_name>
primary_metric: accuracy  
target_column_name: y
n_cross_validations: 5
enable_model_explainability: True

featurization:
    mode: custom
    column_name_and_types:
        CHMIN: Categorical
    blocked_transformers: ["label_encoder"]
    transformer_params:
        imputer:
            - fields: ["CACH", "PRP"]
            parameters:
                strategy: most_frequent

limits:
    # limit settings

training:
    # training settings

# Submit the AutoML job
returned_job = ml_client.jobs.create_or_update(
    classification_job
)  # submit the job to the backend

print(f"Created job: {returned_job}")

# Get a URL for the status of the job
returned_job.services["Studio"].endpoint

在以下 CLI 命令中，假设作业 YAML 配置位于路径 ./automl-classification-job.yml：

run_id=$(az ml job create --file automl-classification-job.yml -w <Workspace> -g <Resource Group> --subscription <Subscription>)

你可以使用存储的运行 ID 返回有关作业的信息。 --web 参数打开 Azure 机器学习工作室 Web UI，你可在其中深入了解作业的详细信息：

az ml job show -n $run_id --web

# Define pipeline
@pipeline(
    description="AutoML Classification Pipeline",
    )
def automl_classification(
    classification_train_data,
    classification_validation_data
):
    # define the automl classification task with automl function
    classification_node = classification(
        training_data=classification_train_data,
        validation_data=classification_validation_data,
        target_column_name="y",
        primary_metric="accuracy",
        # currently need to specify outputs "mlflow_model" explictly to reference it in following nodes 
        outputs={"best_model": Output(type="mlflow_model")},
    )
    # set limits and training
    classification_node.set_limits(max_trials=1)
    classification_node.set_training(
        enable_stack_ensemble=False,
        enable_vote_ensemble=False
    )

    command_func = command(
        inputs=dict(
            automl_output=Input(type="mlflow_model")
        ),
        command="ls ${{inputs.automl_output}}",
        environment="AzureML-sklearn-0.24-ubuntu18.04-py37-cpu:latest"
    )
    show_output = command_func(automl_output=classification_node.outputs.best_model)


pipeline_job = automl_classification(
    classification_train_data=Input(path="./training-mltable-folder/", type="mltable"),
    classification_validation_data=Input(path="./validation-mltable-folder/", type="mltable"),
)

# set pipeline level compute
pipeline_job.settings.default_compute = compute_name

# submit the pipeline job
returned_pipeline_job = ml_client.jobs.create_or_update(
    pipeline_job,
    experiment_name=experiment_name
)
returned_pipeline_job

# ...
# Note that this is a snippet from the bankmarketing example you can find in our examples repo -> https://github.com/Azure/azureml-examples/tree/main/sdk/python/jobs/pipelines/1h_automl_in_pipeline/automl-classification-bankmarketing-in-pipeline

有关如何在管道中包含 AutoML 的更多示例，请查看我们的示例存储库。

$schema: https://azuremlschemas.azureedge.net/latest/pipelineJob.schema.json
type: pipeline

description: AutoML Classification Pipeline
experiment_name: <exp_name>

# set the default compute for the pipeline steps
settings:
    default_compute: azureml:<my_compute>

# pipeline inputs
inputs:
    classification_train_data:
        type: mltable
        path: "./train_data"
    classification_validation_data:
        type: mltable
        path: "./valid_data"

jobs:
    # Configure the automl training node of the pipeline 
    classification_node:
        type: automl
        task: classification
        primary_metric: accuracy
        target_column_name: y
        training_data: ${{parent.inputs.classification_train_data}}
        validation_data: ${{parent.inputs.classification_validation_data}}
        training:
            max_trials: 1
        limits:
            enable_stack_ensemble: False
            enable_vote_ensemble: False
        outputs:
            best_model:
                type: mlflow_model

    show_output:
        type: command
        inputs:
            automl_output: ${{parent.jobs.classification_node.outputs.best_model}}
        environment: "AzureML-sklearn-0.24-ubuntu18.04-py37-cpu:latest"
        command: >-
            ls ${{inputs.automl_output}}
        

现在，使用以下命令启动管道运行，假设管道配置位于路径 ./automl-classification-pipeline.yml：

> run_id=$(az ml job create --file automl-classification-pipeline.yml -w <Workspace> -g <Resource Group> --subscription <Subscription>)
> az ml job show -n $run_id --web

from azure.ai.ml.constants import TabularTrainingMode

# Set the training mode to distributed
classification_job.set_training(
    allowed_training_algorithms=["LightGBM"],
    training_mode=TabularTrainingMode.DISTRIBUTED
)

# Distribute training across 4 nodes for each trial
classification_job.set_limits(
    max_nodes=4,
    # other limit settings
)

# Set the training mode to distributed
training:
    allowed_training_algorithms: ["LightGBM"]
    training_mode: distributed

# Distribute training across 4 nodes for each trial
limits:
    max_nodes: 4

from azure.ai.ml.constants import TabularTrainingMode

# Set the training mode to distributed
forecasting_job.set_training(
    enable_dnn_training=True,
    allowed_training_algorithms=["TCNForecaster"],
    training_mode=TabularTrainingMode.DISTRIBUTED
)

# Distribute training across 4 nodes
# Train 2 trial models in parallel => 2 nodes per trial
forecasting_job.set_limits(
    max_concurrent_trials=2,
    max_nodes=4,
    # other limit settings
)

# Set the training mode to distributed
training:
    allowed_training_algorithms: ["TCNForecaster"]
    training_mode: distributed

# Distribute training across 4 nodes
# Train 2 trial models in parallel => 2 nodes per trial
limits:
    max_concurrent_trials: 2
    max_nodes: 4