设备孪生入门 (Node.js)Get started with device twins (Node.js)

设备孪生是存储设备状态信息（包括元数据、配置和条件）的 JSON 文档。Device twins are JSON documents that store device state information, including metadata, configurations, and conditions. IoT 中心为连接到它的每台设备保留一个设备孪生。IoT Hub persists a device twin for each device that connects to it.

备注

本文介绍的功能仅在 IoT 中心的标准层中可用。The features described in this article are available only in the standard tier of IoT Hub. 有关基本和标准/免费 IoT 中心层的详细信息，请参阅选择合适的 IoT 中心层。For more information about the basic and standard/free IoT Hub tiers, see Choose the right IoT Hub tier.

使用设备孪生可以：Use device twins to:

  • 存储来自解决方案后端的设备元数据。Store device metadata from your solution back end.

  • 通过设备应用报告当前状态信息，例如可用功能和条件（例如，使用的连接方法）。Report current state information such as available capabilities and conditions, for example, the connectivity method used, from your device app.

  • 同步设备应用和后端应用之间长时间运行的工作流的状态（例如固件和配置更新）。Synchronize the state of long-running workflows, such as firmware and configuration updates, between a device app and a back-end app.

  • 查询设备的元数据、配置或状态。Query your device metadata, configuration, or state.

设备孪生旨在执行同步以及查询设备的配置和条件。Device twins are designed for synchronization and for querying device configurations and conditions. 了解设备孪生中提供了有关何时使用设备孪生的详细信息。More information on when to use device twins can be found in Understand device twins.

设备孪生存储在 IoT 中心内，并且包含以下元素：Device twins are stored in an IoT hub and contain the following elements:

  • 标记。Tags. 仅可由解决方案后端访问的设备元数据。Device metadata accessible only by the solution back end.

  • 所需属性。Desired properties. 可以由解决方案后端修改并可由设备应用观察的 JSON 对象。JSON objects modifiable by the solution back end and observable by the device app.

  • 报告属性。Reported properties. 可由设备应用修改并可由解决方案后端读取的 JSON 对象。JSON objects modifiable by the device app and readable by the solution back end.

标记和属性不能包含数组，但可以嵌套对象。Tags and properties cannot contain arrays, but objects can be nested.

下图显示了设备孪生组织：The following illustration shows device twin organization:

显示功能的设备孪生图像

此外，解决方案后端可以根据上述所有数据查询设备孪生。Additionally, the solution back end can query device twins based on all the above data. 有关设备孪生的详细信息，请参阅了解设备孪生。For more information about device twins, see Understand device twins. 有关查询的详细信息，请参阅 IoT 中心查询语言。For more information about querying, see IoT Hub query language.

本教程演示如何：This tutorial shows you how to:

  • 创建将标记添加到设备孪生的后端应用，以及将其连接通道作为设备孪生上的报告属性进行报告的模拟设备应用。Create a back-end app that adds tags to a device twin, and a simulated device app that reports its connectivity channel as a reported property on the device twin.

  • 使用标记上的筛选器和之前创建的属性通过后端应用查询设备。Query devices from your back-end app using filters on the tags and properties previously created.

在本教程结束时，你将拥有两个 Node.js 控制台应用：At the end of this tutorial, you will have two Node.js console apps:

  • AddTagsAndQuery.js（Node.js 后端应用），用于添加标记和查询设备孪生。AddTagsAndQuery.js, a Node.js back-end app, which adds tags and queries device twins.

  • TwinSimulatedDevice.js（Node.js 应用），用于模拟使用早先创建的设备标识连接到 IoT 中心的设备，并报告其连接状况。TwinSimulatedDevice.js, a Node.js app, which simulates a device that connects to your IoT hub with the device identity created earlier, and reports its connectivity condition.

备注

Azure IoT SDK 一文介绍了可用于构建设备和后端应用的 Azure IoT SDK。The article Azure IoT SDKs provides information about the Azure IoT SDKs that you can use to build both device and back-end apps.

先决条件Prerequisites

要完成本教程，需要：To complete this tutorial, you need:

  • Node.js 版本 10.0.x 或更高版本。Node.js version 10.0.x or later.

  • 有效的 Azure 帐户。An active Azure account. （如果没有帐户，只需几分钟即可创建一个试用订阅。）(If you don't have an account, you can create a trial subscription in just a couple of minutes.)

  • 确保已在防火墙中打开端口 8883。Make sure that port 8883 is open in your firewall. 本文中的设备示例使用 MQTT 协议，该协议通过端口 8883 进行通信。The device sample in this article uses MQTT protocol, which communicates over port 8883. 在某些公司和教育网络环境中，此端口可能被阻止。This port may be blocked in some corporate and educational network environments. 有关解决此问题的更多信息和方法，请参阅连接到 IoT 中心(MQTT)。For more information and ways to work around this issue, see Connecting to IoT Hub (MQTT).

创建 IoT 中心Create an IoT hub

此部分介绍如何使用 Azure 门户创建 IoT 中心。This section describes how to create an IoT hub using the Azure portal.

  1. 登录到 Azure 门户。Sign in to the Azure portal.

  2. 从 Azure 主页中选择“+ 创建资源”按钮，然后在“搜索市场”字段中输入“IoT 中心”。 From the Azure homepage, select the + Create a resource button, and then enter IoT Hub in the Search the Marketplace field.

  3. 在搜索结果中选择“IoT 中心”，然后选择“创建” 。Select IoT Hub from the search results, and then select Create.

  4. 在“基本信息”选项卡上，按如下所示填写字段： On the Basics tab, complete the fields as follows:

    • 订阅：选择要用于中心的订阅。Subscription: Select the subscription to use for your hub.

    • 资源组：选择一个资源组或新建一个资源组。Resource Group: Select a resource group or create a new one. 若要新建资源组，请选择“新建”并填写要使用的名称。 To create a new one, select Create new and fill in the name you want to use. 若要使用现有的资源组，请选择它。To use an existing resource group, select that resource group. 有关详细信息，请参阅管理 Azure 资源管理器资源组。For more information, see Manage Azure Resource Manager resource groups.

    • 区域：选择中心所在的区域。Region: Select the region in which you want your hub to be located. 选择最靠近你的位置。Select the location closest to you.

    • IoT 中心名称：输入中心的名称。IoT Hub Name: Enter a name for your hub. 此名称必须全局唯一。This name must be globally unique. 如果输入的名称可用，会显示一个绿色复选标记。If the name you enter is available, a green check mark appears.

    重要

    IoT 中心将公开为 DNS 终结点，因此，命名时请务必避免包含任何敏感信息。The IoT hub will be publicly discoverable as a DNS endpoint, so make sure to avoid any sensitive information while naming it.

    在 Azure 门户中创建中心

  5. 在完成时选择“下一步: 大小和规模”，以继续创建中心。Select Next: Size and scale to continue creating your hub.

    使用 Azure 门户为新的中心设置大小和规模

    可在此处接受默认设置。You can accept the default settings here. 如果需要，可以修改以下任何字段：If desired, you can modify any of the following fields:

    • 定价和缩放层：选择的层。Pricing and scale tier: Your selected tier. 可以根据你需要的功能数以及每天通过解决方案发送的消息数从多个层级中进行选择。You can choose from several tiers, depending on how many features you want and how many messages you send through your solution per day. 免费层适用于测试和评估。The free tier is intended for testing and evaluation. 允许 500 台设备连接到中心，每天最多可传输 8,000 条消息。It allows 500 devices to be connected to the hub and up to 8,000 messages per day. 每个 Azure 订阅可以在免费层中创建一个 IoT 中心。Each Azure subscription can create one IoT hub in the free tier.

      如果正在完成 IoT 中心设备流的快速入门，请选择免费层。If you are working through a Quickstart for IoT Hub device streams, select the free tier.

    • IoT 中心单元：每个单位每日允许的消息数取决于中心的定价层。IoT Hub units: The number of messages allowed per unit per day depends on your hub's pricing tier. 例如，如果希望中心支持 700,000 条消息引入，请选择两个 S1 层单位。For example, if you want the hub to support ingress of 700,000 messages, you choose two S1 tier units. 有关其他层选项的详细信息，请参阅选择合适的 IoT 中心层。For details about the other tier options, see Choosing the right IoT Hub tier.

    • 高级设置 > 设备到云的分区：此属性将设备到云消息与这些消息的同步读取器数目相关联。Advanced Settings > Device-to-cloud partitions: This property relates the device-to-cloud messages to the number of simultaneous readers of the messages. 大多数中心只需要 4 个分区。Most hubs need only four partitions.

  6. 在完成时选择“下一步: 标记”继续到下一屏幕。Select Next: Tags to continue to the next screen.

    标记是名称/值对。Tags are name/value pairs. 可以为多个资源和资源组分配相同的标记，以便对资源进行分类并合并计费。You can assign the same tag to multiple resources and resource groups to categorize resources and consolidate billing. 有关详细信息，请参阅使用标记来组织 Azure 资源。for more information, see Use tags to organize your Azure resources.

    使用 Azure 门户为新的中心设置大小和规模

  7. 在完成时选择“下一步: 查看+创建”可查看选择。Select Next: Review + create to review your choices. 你会看到类似于此屏幕的内容，但其中包含创建中心时选择的值。You see something similar to this screen, but with the values you selected when creating the hub.

    查看用于创建新中心的信息

  8. 选择“创建”以创建新的中心 。Select Create to create your new hub. 创建中心需要几分钟时间。Creating the hub takes a few minutes.

在 IoT 中心内注册新设备Register a new device in the IoT hub

在本部分中，将使用 Azure CLI 为本文创建设备标识。In this section, you use the Azure CLI to create a device identity for this article. 设备 ID 区分大小写。Device IDs are case sensitive.

  1. 运行以下命令以安装适用于 Azure CLI 的 Microsoft Azure IoT 扩展：Run the following command to install the Microsoft Azure IoT Extension for Azure CLI:

    az extension add --name azure-iot

  2. 使用以下命令创建一个名为 myDeviceId 的新设备标识并检索设备连接字符串：Create a new device identity called myDeviceId and retrieve the device connection string with these commands:

    az iot hub device-identity create --device-id myDeviceId --hub-name {Your IoT Hub name}
az iot hub device-identity show-connection-string --device-id myDeviceId --hub-name {Your IoT Hub name} -o table

    重要

    收集的日志中可能会显示设备 ID 用于客户支持和故障排除，因此，在为日志命名时，请务必避免包含任何敏感信息。The device ID may be visible in the logs collected for customer support and troubleshooting, so make sure to avoid any sensitive information while naming it.

记下结果中的设备连接字符串。Make a note of the device connection string from the result. 设备应用使用此设备连接字符串以设备身份连接到 IoT 中心。This device connection string is used by the device app to connect to your IoT Hub as a device.

获取 IoT 中心连接字符串Get the IoT hub connection string

在本文中，将创建一个后端服务，该服务将所需的属性添加到设备孪生，然后查询标识注册表以查找具有已相应更新的报告属性的所有设备。In this article, you create a backend service that adds desired properties to a device twin and then queries the identity registry to find all devices with reported properties that have been updated accordingly. 你的服务需要“服务连接” 权限才能修改设备孪生的所需属性，并且需要“注册表读取” 权限才能查询标识注册表。Your service needs the service connect permission to modify desired properties of a device twin, and it needs the registry read permission to query the identity registry. 没有仅包含这两个权限的默认共享访问策略，因此需要创建一个。There is no default shared access policy that contains only these two permissions, so you need to create one.

若要创建一个共享访问策略以授予“服务连接”和“注册表读取”权限，同时获取该策略的连接字符串，请执行以下步骤： To create a shared access policy that grants service connect and registry read permissions and get a connection string for this policy, follow these steps:

  1. 在 Azure 门户中，选择“资源组” 。In the Azure portal, select Resource groups. 选择中心所在的资源组，然后从资源列表中选择中心。Select the resource group where your hub is located, and then select your hub from the list of resources.

  2. 在中心的左侧窗格中，选择“共享访问策略” 。On the left-side pane of your hub, select Shared access policies.

  3. 从策略列表上方的顶部菜单中选择“添加” 。From the top menu above the list of policies, select Add.

  4. 在“添加共享访问策略”下，为策略输入一个说明性名称，例如 serviceAndRegistryRead。Under Add a shared access policy, enter a descriptive name for your policy, such as serviceAndRegistryRead. 在“权限”下选择“注册表读取”和“服务连接”，然后选择“创建” 。 Under Permissions, select Registry read and Service connect, and then select Create.

    显示如何添加新的共享访问策略

  5. 从策略列表中选择新策略。Select your new policy from the list of policies.

  6. 在“共享访问密钥” 下，选择“连接字符串 - 主密钥” 所对应的“复制”图标并保存该值。Under Shared access keys, select the copy icon for the Connection string -- primary key and save the value.

    显示如何检索连接字符串

有关 IoT 中心共享访问策略和权限的详细信息，请参阅访问控制和权限。For more information about IoT Hub shared access policies and permissions, see Access control and permissions.

创建服务应用Create the service app

在此部分，会创建一个 Node.js 控制台应用，将位置元数据添加到与 myDeviceId关联的设备孪生。In this section, you create a Node.js console app that adds location metadata to the device twin associated with myDeviceId. 然后，该应用将选择位于美国的设备来查询存储在 IoT 中心的设备孪生，然后查询报告移动电话网络连接的设备孪生。It then queries the device twins stored in the IoT hub selecting the devices located in the US, and then the ones that are reporting a cellular connection.

  1. 新建名为 addtagsandqueryapp 的空文件夹。Create a new empty folder called addtagsandqueryapp. 在命令提示符下的addtagsandqueryapp 文件夹中，使用以下命令创建新的 package.json 文件。In the addtagsandqueryapp folder, create a new package.json file using the following command at your command prompt. --yes 参数接受所有默认值。The --yes parameter accepts all the defaults.

    npm init --yes

  2. 在 addtagsandqueryapp 文件夹的命令提示符下，运行以下命令以安装 azure-iothub 包：At your command prompt in the addtagsandqueryapp folder, run the following command to install the azure-iothub package:

    npm install azure-iothub --save

  3. 使用文本编辑器，在 addtagsandqueryapp 文件夹中创建一个新的 AddTagsAndQuery.js 文件。Using a text editor, create a new AddTagsAndQuery.js file in the addtagsandqueryapp folder.

  4. 将以下代码添加到 AddTagsAndQuery.js 文件。Add the following code to the AddTagsAndQuery.js file. 将 {iot hub connection string} 替换为在获取 IoT 中心连接字符串中复制的 IoT 中心连接字符串。Replace {iot hub connection string} with the IoT Hub connection string you copied in Get the IoT hub connection string.

         'use strict';
     var iothub = require('azure-iothub');
     var connectionString = '{iot hub connection string}';
     var registry = iothub.Registry.fromConnectionString(connectionString);

     registry.getTwin('myDeviceId', function(err, twin){
         if (err) {
             console.error(err.constructor.name + ': ' + err.message);
         } else {
             var patch = {
                 tags: {
                     location: {
                         region: 'CN',
                         plant: 'Redmond43'
                   }
                 }
             };

             twin.update(patch, function(err) {
               if (err) {
                 console.error('Could not update twin: ' + err.constructor.name + ': ' + err.message);
               } else {
                 console.log(twin.deviceId + ' twin updated successfully');
                 queryTwins();
               }
             });
         }
     });

    Registry 对象公开从服务与设备孪生进行交互所需的所有方法。The Registry object exposes all the methods required to interact with device twins from the service. 前面的代码首先初始化 Registry 对象，然后检索 myDeviceId 的设备孪生，最后使用所需位置信息更新其标记。The previous code first initializes the Registry object, then retrieves the device twin for myDeviceId, and finally updates its tags with the desired location information.

    更新标记后，它将调用 queryTwins 函数 。After updating the tags it calls the queryTwins function.

  5. 在 AddTagsAndQuery.js 末尾添加以下代码以实现 queryTwins 函数：Add the following code at the end of AddTagsAndQuery.js to implement the queryTwins function:

         var queryTwins = function() {
         var query = registry.createQuery("SELECT * FROM devices WHERE tags.location.plant = 'Redmond43'", 100);
         query.nextAsTwin(function(err, results) {
             if (err) {
                 console.error('Failed to fetch the results: ' + err.message);
             } else {
                 console.log("Devices in Redmond43: " + results.map(function(twin) {return twin.deviceId}).join(','));
             }
         });

         query = registry.createQuery("SELECT * FROM devices WHERE tags.location.plant = 'Redmond43' AND properties.reported.connectivity.type = 'cellular'", 100);
         query.nextAsTwin(function(err, results) {
             if (err) {
                 console.error('Failed to fetch the results: ' + err.message);
             } else {
                 console.log("Devices in Redmond43 using cellular network: " + results.map(function(twin) {return twin.deviceId}).join(','));
             }
         });
     };

    前面的代码执行两个查询：第一个只选择位于 Redmond43 工厂中的设备的设备孪生，第二个会优化查询以只选择还通过手机网络连接的设备。The previous code executes two queries: the first selects only the device twins of devices located in the Redmond43 plant, and the second refines the query to select only the devices that are also connected through cellular network.

    代码创建 query 对象时，它在第二个参数中指定返回的最大文档数。When the code creates the query object, it specifies the maximum number of returned documents in the second parameter. query 对象包含 hasMoreResults 布尔值属性，可以使用它多次调用 nextAsTwin 方法来检索所有结果。The query object contains a hasMoreResults boolean property that you can use to invoke the nextAsTwin methods multiple times to retrieve all results. 名为 next 的方法可用于非设备孪生结果（例如聚合查询的结果）。A method called next is available for results that are not device twins, for example, the results of aggregation queries.

  6. 使用以下内容运行应用程序：Run the application with:

        node AddTagsAndQuery.js

    在查询位于 Redmond43 的所有设备的查询结果中，应该会看到一个设备，而在将结果限制为使用蜂窝网络的设备的查询结果中没有任何设备。You should see one device in the results for the query asking for all devices located in Redmond43 and none for the query that restricts the results to devices that use a cellular network.

    在查询结果中看到一个设备

在下一部分中，创建的设备应用会报告连接信息，并更改上一部分中查询的结果。In the next section, you create a device app that reports the connectivity information and changes the result of the query in the previous section.

创建设备应用Create the device app

在此部分，会创建一个 Node.js 控制台应用作为 myDeviceId连接到中心，并更新其设备孪生的报告属性，说明它是使用手机网络进行连接的。In this section, you create a Node.js console app that connects to your hub as myDeviceId, and then updates its device twin's reported properties to contain the information that it is connected using a cellular network.

  1. 新建名为 reportconnectivity的空文件夹。Create a new empty folder called reportconnectivity. 在 reportconnectivity 文件夹的命令提示符处，使用以下命令创建新的 package.json 文件。In the reportconnectivity folder, create a new package.json file using the following command at your command prompt. --yes 参数接受所有默认值。The --yes parameter accepts all the defaults.

    npm init --yes

  2. 在 reportconnectivity 文件夹中的命令提示符处，运行以下命令以安装 azure-iot-device 包和 azure-iot-device-mqtt 包：At your command prompt in the reportconnectivity folder, run the following command to install the azure-iot-device, and azure-iot-device-mqtt packages:

    npm install azure-iot-device azure-iot-device-mqtt --save

  3. 使用文本编辑器，在 reportconnectivity 文件夹中创建一个新的 ReportConnectivity.js 文件。Using a text editor, create a new ReportConnectivity.js file in the reportconnectivity folder.

  4. 将以下代码添加到 ReportConnectivity.js 文件。Add the following code to the ReportConnectivity.js file. 将 {device connection string} 替换为在在 IoT 中心注册新设备中创建 myDeviceId 设备标识时复制的设备连接字符串。Replace {device connection string} with the device connection string you copied when you created the myDeviceId device identity in Register a new device in the IoT hub.

        'use strict';
    var Client = require('azure-iot-device').Client;
    var Protocol = require('azure-iot-device-mqtt').Mqtt;

    var connectionString = '{device connection string}';
    var client = Client.fromConnectionString(connectionString, Protocol);

    client.open(function(err) {
    if (err) {
        console.error('could not open IotHub client');
    }  else {
        console.log('client opened');

        client.getTwin(function(err, twin) {
        if (err) {
            console.error('could not get twin');
        } else {
            var patch = {
                connectivity: {
                    type: 'cellular'
                }
            };

            twin.properties.reported.update(patch, function(err) {
                if (err) {
                    console.error('could not update twin');
                } else {
                    console.log('twin state reported');
                    process.exit();
                }
            });
        }
        });
    }
    });

    Client 对象公开从该设备与设备孪生交互所需的所有方法。The Client object exposes all the methods you require to interact with device twins from the device. 上面的代码在初始化 Client 对象后会检索 myDeviceId 的设备孪生，并使用连接信息更新其报告属性。The previous code, after it initializes the Client object, retrieves the device twin for myDeviceId and updates its reported property with the connectivity information.

  5. 运行设备应用Run the device app

        node ReportConnectivity.js

    此时会显示消息 twin state reported。You should see the message twin state reported.

  6. 现在设备报告了其连接信息，应出现在两个查询中。Now that the device reported its connectivity information, it should appear in both queries. 返回到 addtagsandqueryapp 文件夹，再次运行查询：Go back in the addtagsandqueryapp folder and run the queries again:

        node AddTagsAndQuery.js

    这次 myDeviceId 应出现在两个查询结果中。This time myDeviceId should appear in both query results.

    在两个查询结果中显示 myDeviceId

后续步骤Next steps

本教程中，在 Azure 门户中配置了新的 IoT 中心，并在 IoT 中心的标识注册表中创建了设备标识。In this tutorial, you configured a new IoT hub in the Azure portal, and then created a device identity in the IoT hub's identity registry. 已从后端应用以标记形式添加了设备元数据，并编写了模拟的设备应用，用于报告设备孪生中的设备连接信息。You added device metadata as tags from a back-end app, and wrote a simulated device app to report device connectivity information in the device twin. 还学习了如何使用类似 SQL 的 IoT 中心查询语言来查询此信息。You also learned how to query this information using the SQL-like IoT Hub query language.

充分利用以下资源：Use the following resources to learn how to: